ACUOS: A System for Order-Sorted Modular ACU Generalization

[ES] La generalización, también denominada anti-unificación, es la operación dual de la unificación. Dados dos términos t y t' , un generalizador es un término t'' del cual t y t' son instancias de sustitución. El concepto dual del unificador más general (mgu) es el de generalizador menos general (lgg). En esta tesina extendemos el conocido algoritmo de generalización sin tipos a, primero, una configuración order-sorted con sorts, subsorts y polimorfismo de subtipado; en segundo lugar, la extendemos para soportar generalización módulo teorías ecuacionales, donde los símbolos de función pueden obedecer cualquier combinación de axiomas de asociatividad, conmutatividad e identidad (incluyendo el conjunto vacío de dichos axiomas); y, en tercer lugar, a la combinación de ambos, que resulta en un algoritmo modular de generalización order-sorted ecuacional. A diferencia de las configuraciones sin tipos, en nuestro marco teórico en general el lgg no es único, lo que se debe tanto al tipado como a los axiomas ecuacionales. En su lugar, existe un conjunto finito y mínimo de lggs, tales que cualquier otra generalización tiene a alguno de ellos como instancia. Nuestros algoritmos de generalización se expresan mediante reglas de inferencia para las cuales damos demostraciones de corrección. Ello abre la puerta a nuevas aplicaciones en campos como la evaluación parcial, la síntesis de programas, la minería de datos y la demostración de teoremas para sistemas de razonamiento ecuacional y lenguajes tipados basados en reglas tales como ASD+SDF, Elan, OBJ, CafeOBJ y Maude. Esta tesis también describe una herramienta para el cómputo automatizado de los generalizadores de un conjunto dado de estructuras en un lenguaje tipado módulo un conjunto de axiomas dado. Al soportar la combinación modular de atributos ecuacionales de asociatividad, conmutatividad y existencia de elemento neutro (ACU) para símbolos de función arbitrarios, la generalización ACU modular aporta suficiente poder expresivo a la generalización ordinaria para razonar sobre estructuras de datos tipadas tales como listas, conjuntos y multiconjuntos. La técnica ha sido implementada con generalidad y eficiencia en el sistema ACUOS y puede ser fácilmente integrada con software de terceros.[EN] Generalization, also called anti-uni cation, is the dual of uni cation. Given terms t and t 0 , a generalization is a term t 00 of which t and t 0 are substitution instances. The dual of a most general uni er (mgu) is that of least general generalization (lgg). In this thesis, we extend the known untyped generalization algorithm to, rst, an order-sorted typed setting with sorts, subsorts, and subtype polymorphism; second, we extend it to work modulo equational theories, where function symbols can obey any combination of associativity, commutativity, and identity axioms (includ- ing the empty set of such axioms); and third, to the combination of both, which results in a modular, order-sorted equational generalization algo- rithm. Unlike the untyped case, there is in general no single lgg in our framework, due to order-sortedness or to the equational axioms. Instead, there is a nite, minimal set of lggs, so that any other generalization has at least one of them as an instance. Our generalization algorithms are expressed by means of inference systems for which we give proofs of cor- rectness. This opens up new applications to partial evaluation, program synthesis, data mining, and theorem proving for typed equational rea- soning systems and typed rule-based languages such as ASF+SDF, Elan, OBJ, Cafe-OBJ, and Maude. This thesis also describes a tool for automatically computing the gen- eralizers of a given set of structures in a typed language modulo a set of axioms. By supporting the modular combination of associative, com- mutative and unity (ACU) equational attributes for arbitrary function symbols, modular ACU generalization adds enough expressive power to ordinary generalization to reason about typed data structures such as lists, sets and multisets. The ACU generalization technique has been generally and e ciently implemented in the ACUOS system and can be easily integrated with third-party software.Espert Real, J. (2012). ACUOS: A System for Order-Sorted Modular ACU Generalization. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1921

Verificación de aplicaciones web dinámicas con Web-TLR

Web-TLR is a software tool designed for model-checking Web applications that is based on rewriting logic. Web applications are expressed as rewrite theories that can be formally verified by using the Maude built-in LTLR model-checker. Whenever a property is refuted, it produces a counterexample trace that underlies the failing model checking computation. However, the analysis (or even the simple inspection) of large counterexamples may prove to be unfeasible due to the size and complexity of the traces under examination. This work aims to improve the understandability of the counterexamples generated by Web-TLR by developing an integrated framework for debugging Web applications that integrates a trace-slicing technique for rewriting logic theories that is particularly tailored to Web-TLR. The verification environment is also provided with a user-friendly, graphical Web interface that shields the user from unnecessary information. Trace slicing is a widely used technique for execution trace analysis that is effectively used in program debugging, analysis and comprehension. Our trace slicing technique allows us to systematically trace back rewrite sequences modulo equational axioms (such as associativity and commutativity) by means of an algorithm that dynamically simpli es the traces by detecting control and data dependencies, and dropping useless data that do not infuence the final result. Our methodology is particularly suitable for analyzing complex, textually-large system computations such as those delivered as counter-example traces by Maude model-checkers. The slicing facility implemented in Web-TLR allows the user to select the pieces of information that she is interested into by means of a suitable pattern-matching language supported by wildcards. The selected information is then traced back through inverse rewrite sequences. The slicing process drastically simpli es the computation trace by dropping useless data that do not influence the nal result. By using this facility, the Web engineer can focus on the relevant fragments of the failing application, which greatly reduces the manual debugging e ort and also decreases the number of iterative verfications.Espert Real, J. (2011). Verificación de aplicaciones web dinámicas con Web-TLR. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11219.Archivo delegad

Backward Trace Slicing for Rewriting Logic Theories -Technical report -

Trace slicing is a widely used technique for execution trace analysis that is effectively used in program debugging, analysis and comprehension. In this paper, we present a backward trace slicing technique that can be used for the analysis of Rewriting Logic theories. Our trace slicing technique allows us to systematically trace back rewrite sequences modulo equational axioms (such as associativity and commutativity) by means of an algorithm that dynamically simplifies the traces by detecting control and data dependencies, and dropping useless data that do not influence the final result. Our methodology is particularly suitable for analyzing complex, textually-large system computations such as those delivered as counter-example traces by Maude model-checkers.Alpuente Frasnedo, M.; Ballis, D.; Espert, J.; Romero, D. (2011). Backward Trace Slicing for Rewriting Logic Theories -Technical report -. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1077

Analysis on the efects of turbulent inflow conditions on spray primary atomization in the near-field by direct numerical simulation

[EN] It is widely acknowledged that the development of sprays in the near-field is of primary importance for the spray formation downstream, as it affects both the spray angle, as well as the intact core length. In this frame, the present work aims to study the effects of turbulence inlet boundary condition on the spray formation by means of Direct Numerical Simulations on a real condition at low Reynolds number. To this extent, the code Paris-Simulator has been used, while a digital filter-based algorithm was used in order to generate synthetic turbulence at the inlet boundary condition. The influence of turbulence intensity and lengthscale on the atomization process has been studied and analyzed through 3 simulation for which these parameters have been varied. The results clearly highlight how the atomization is heavily affected by the inlet turbulence configuration. An analysis of the different atomizing conditions has been conducted, aiming to understand how the variation introduced by the inlet boundary condition on the velocity field is affecting the local atomization dynamics.This work was partly sponsored by "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad", of the Spanish Government, in the frame of the Project "Estudio de la interaccion chorro-pared en condiciones realistas de motor", Reference TRA2015-67679-c2-1-R. The author thankfully acknowledges the computer resources at MareNostrum (BSC) and the technical support provided by FI-2016-3-0031.Salvador, FJ.; Ruiz, S.; Crialesi Esposito, M.; Blanquer Espert, I. (2018). Analysis on the efects of turbulent inflow conditions on spray primary atomization in the near-field by direct numerical simulation. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 102:49-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2018.01.019S496310

Are cognitive interventions effective in alzheimer´s disease? a controlled meta-analysis of the effects of bias

Objective: There is limited evidence about the efficacy of cognitive interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, aside from the methodological quality of the studies analyzed, the methodology used in previous meta-analyses is itself a risk of bias as different types of effect sizes (ESs) were calculated and combined. This study aimed at examining the results of nonpharmacological interventions for AD with an adequate control of statistical methods and to demonstrate a different approach to meta-analysis. Method: ESs were calculated with the independent groups pre/post design. Average ESs for separate outcomes were calculated and moderator analyses were performed so as to offer an overview of the effects of bias. Results: Eighty-seven outcomes from 19 studies (n 812) were meta-analyzed. ESs were small on average for cognitive and functional outcomes after intervention. Moderator analyses showed no effect of control of bias, although ESs were different from zero only in some circumstances (e.g., memory outcomes in randomized studies). Cognitive interventions showed no more efficacy than placebo interventions, and functional ESs were consistently low across conditions. Conclusions: cognitive interventions delivered may not be effective in AD probably due to the fact that the assumptions behind the cognitive interventions might be inadequate. Future directions include a change in the type of intervention as well as the use of outcomes other than standardized tests. Additional studies with larger sample sizes and different designs are needed to increase the power of both primary studies and meta-analyses

The mentally ill. History and care since Medieval times

El presente trabajo plasma la evolución de la locura en España, en un contexto histórico, social y cultural. La sucesión de acontecimientos y la interrelación de los sistemas sociales han hecho que "el trato", "el cuidado" y "la atención médica" caminen hacia una mejora en la comprensión de las necesidades del paciente y en la aplicación de nuevas teorías médicas. La labor de enfermería, existente desde el principio de los tiempos, refleja una disciplina ganada con el esfuerzo y la participación de todos aquellos que proporcionaron cuidados a través de los siglos. Por otro lado, la política social en el desempeño de su labor integradora, ha ido adaptando la locura al contexto cultural. En el desarrollo del texto se puede observar cómo "el loco" se ha ido acomodando a las diferentes formas de institucionalización y desinstitucionalización hasta llegar a su situación actual.The present work reflects the evolution of insanity in the Spanish cultural, social and historical context. The sequence of events and the interrelation of social systems have improved "assistance", "care" and "medical attention" towards an understanding of the patient's needs and the application of new medical theories. Nursing role reflects -since the beginning of times- a discipline build by the effort and participation of all those who cared during centuries. On the other hand, social policies in their integrating role have made insanity adapt to cultural contexts. Throughout the article it is shown how the "insane" have adapted to different forms of institutionalization and disinstitutionalization leading to the current situation

Adaptation and validation of the spanish version of the instrument to Evaluate nurses’ attitudes toward communication with the patient for nursing students

Communication is essential to the quality of care and patient satisfaction. It has been linked to positive patient outcomes, increased engagement, improved health outcomes, and safe practices. Given these benefits and the association between attitudes and behaviors, as behaviors can be predicted by studying attitudes, assessing attitudes of nursing students toward patient communication is critical for future nursing professionals. For this purpose, the main aim of this study was to adapt and validate an instrument to measure nurses’ attitudes toward communication (ACO) for nursing students. The ACO with patients was analyzed. Then, differences in the dimensions of the instrument (ACO) for nursing students according to an academic course and the correlations were calculated. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a convenience sample of 1,417 nursing students from five universities in the Valencian Community (Spain) during the 2018/2019 academic year and 83.8% (1,187) were women. The reliability was analyzed by using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability (CR). Analysis of construct validity was performed with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The instrument adapted from nurses to nursing students was composed of 25 items grouped in three dimensions: affective, cognitive, and behavioral. The psychometric properties suggested that the instrument ACO for nursing students was reliable and valid. The ACO of nursing students was positive with high levels in cognitive and behavioral dimensions, while scores were worst in the affective component. The second-year nursing students showed more positive attitudes in the affective dimension, while in the cognitive and behavioral dimensions, the most positive attitudes were found in the first year. In the correlations, the behavioral and cognitive dimensions showed a significant, positive, and very high correlation. These findings should be considered in developing academic plans to improve the effectiveness of the communication education process of the students to increase the quality of patient care and well-being of nursing students

Drogas emergentes: catinonas sintéticas ('sales de baño')

Las catinonas sintéticas son una nueva clase de drogas de diseño de tipo psicoestimulante y alucinógeno y con efectos similares a la cocaína, la metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) u otras anfetaminas. El abuso de catinonas sintéticas, con frecuencia incluidas en los productos vendidos como 'sales de baño', se puso de moda a principios de 2009, lo que llevó a la clasificación legislativa en toda Europa en 2010 y a la lista I de clasificación de drogas dentro de los Estados Unidos en 2011. Los estudios clínicos recientes indican que el mecanismo de acción de la catinona sintética afecta a los sistemas centrales de monoaminas. En esta revisión abordaremos la historia de estas drogas, su mecanismo de acción, la toxicología y los aspectos legales.Synthetic cathinones are a new class of designer drug of the hallucinogenic stimulant type with effects similar to cocaine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other amphetamines. The abuse of synthetic cathinones often included in products sold as 'bath salts' became fashionable in early 2009, which led to legislative classification across Europe in 2010 and Schedule I drug classification in the USA in 2011. Recent clinical studies indicate that the action mechanism of synthetic cathinone affects the central monoamine systems. In this paper we will review the history of these drugs, their action mechanism, toxicology and legal aspects

Drogas legales emergentes: marihuana sintética, kratom, salvia divinorum, metoxetamina y los derivados de la piperazina

A pesar de su amplia oferta y disponibilidad a través de internet, muchas de las drogas de abuso emergentes siguen siendo desconocidas para un gran número de médicos y profesionales sanitarios. Las alternativas herbales a la marihuana (también conocidas como marihuana sintética), tales como el K2 o el spice, son un grupo de hierbas que contienen una mezcla de materia vegetal además de cannabinoides de origen sintético. El Kratom, es un producto vegetal derivado de Mitragyna speciosa Korth que tiene efectos similares a los de los opioides, y que se emplea para el tratamiento del dolor crónico y el alivio de los síntomas de retirada de los opiáceos. La Salvia divinorum es un alucinógeno con una farmacología muy singular que tiene cierto potencial terapéutico, pero que ha sido prohibido en muchos estados debido a las preocupaciones con respecto a sus efectos adversos de tipo psiquiátrico. La Metoxetamina se ha convertido recientemente en la 'ketamina legal' disponible a través de internet. Además, los derivados de la piperazina, una clase de compuestos similares a la anfetamina que incluyen la BZP y TMFPP, han aparecido como una versión legal del 'éxtasis'. Todos estos compuestos psicoactivos son percibidos como drogas seguras por los usuarios y están disponibles en internet a un golpe de ratón. Desafortunadamente, estas drogas tienen efectos indeseables dependiendo de la dosis y de la mezcla de drogas y oscilan de efectos mínimos a efectos serios sobre la salud. Este artículo revisa la farmacología, los efectos clínicos, la toxicidad y el manejo de su intoxicación para que los profesionales de la salud conozcan todas estas drogas emergentes de origen sintéticoDespite its wide range and availability over the Internet, many emerging abuse drugs remain unknown to many doctors and health professionals. Herbal marijuana alternatives (also known as synthetic marijuana), such as K2 or 'spice', are a group of herbal mixtures containing vegetable matter in addition to synthetic cannabinoids. Kratom is a plant product derived from Mitragyna speciosa Korth that has similar effects to opioids, and is used for the treatment of chronic pain and alleviating the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic drug with a therapeutic potential, but has been banned in many states due to concerns about its psychiatric effects. Methoxetamine has recently become the 'legal ketamine' available over the Internet. In addition, piperazine derivatives, a class similar to amphetamine including BZP and TMFPP compounds have emerged as a legal version of 'ecstasy' All these psychoactive compounds are perceived as safe drugs for people and are available online. Unfortunately, these drugs have side effects depending on the dose and the mixture of drugs with health effects ranging from slight to serious. This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical effects, toxicity and managing of these drugs